DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 

It 

WASHINGTON 


FOURTEENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 

MINES AND QUARRIES: 1919 


GYPSUM 

Prepared under the supervision of EUGENE F. HARTLEY, Chief Statistician for Manufactures 
By Frank J. Katz, Expert Special Agent for Mines and Quarries 


CONTENTS 


Page 


Explanation of terms. 2 

Introduction. 3 

Definitions and explanations. 3 

Method of reporting quantity and value of products. 3 

Principal statistics. 4 

Geographic distribution. 4 

Progress of the industry. 5 

Comparative statistics for producing enterprises in the United 

States: 1839-1919. 5 

Power per enterprise and per wage earner: 1919 and 1909. 5 

Character of organization. 6 

Scale of operation. 6 

Size of enterprises according to value of products. 6 

Size of enterprises according to the average number of wage 
earners employed. 6 


Page 


Scale of operation—Continued. 

Size of enterprises according to acreage of mineral land. 6 

Persons engaged in the industry. 6 

Persons according to class and sex. 6 

Wage earners, by occupations. 7 

Wage earners, by months. 7 

Prevailing hours of labor. 8 

Land tenure and royalties. 8 

Land tenure. 8 

Royalties. 9 

Power. 9 

Power equipment used. 9 

General table. 9 

Table 20.—Detailed statistics for the gypsum-mining indus¬ 
try, by states and groups of states: 1919. 10 


"2-2. -A& 3 7 



WASHINGTON 

_OOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1922 


T 















































EXPLANATION OF TERMS 


Scope of census.—Census statistics of mines and quarries, and petroleum and 
natural-gas wells are compiled primarily for the purpose of showing the absolute 
and relative magnitude of the different branches of industry covered and their 
growth or decline. Incidentally, the eflort is made to present data throwing light 
upon character of ownership, size of enterprises, and similar subjects. When use is 
made of the statistics for these purposes it is imperative that due attention be given 
to their limitations, particularly m connection with any attempt to derive from 
them figures purporting to show average wages, cost of production, or profits. 

The census does not cover enterprises which were idle, that is, which did neither 
productive work nor development work during the entire year; or enterprises the 
products of which were valued at less than $500 or, in the bituminous coal-mining 
Industry, producing less than 1,000 tons; or, if nonproducing enterprises, those 
doing development work amounting to less than $5,000. 

Period covered.—The returns relate to the calendar year 1919, or the business 
year which corresponded most nearly to that calendar year, and cover a year’s opera¬ 
tions, except for enterprises which began or discontinued business during the year. 

The enterprise.—As used in the text and tables the term enterprise represents 
one or more mines and quarries, wells or groups of wells, or natural-gas gasoline 
plants all within the same state operated under a common ownership or unified 
control, or for which only one set of books of account was kept, and for which a 
single report was secured.' It may cover plants at several localities within the same 
state. If plants under unified control were not all located within the same state, 
separate reports were secured in order that statistics for the several enterprises thus 
defined might be included in statistics for the states in which they were located. 
The enterprise is further defined as being limited to a single industry. Separate 
reports were secured with very few exceptions for each industry conducted by an 
operator, and only where combined reports on tw T o or more industries could not be 
separated does a single enterprise cover more than one industry. (See “Classifi¬ 
cation of industries.”) The number of enterprises shown in the tables is equiva¬ 
lent to the number of individual reports tabulated. 

Number of mines, quarries, wells, and plants.—Under these designations is 

f iven the count of the number of mines, quarries, wells, and gasoline plants shown 
v the returns received. The unit of enumeration for mines and quarries was 
difficult to define. As a rule each group of workings at a given locality in which 
operations were conducted as a unit or were unified by common management or 
joint handling of some part of the mining process, has been considered as a single 
mine or quarry. Many individual openings, therefore, are not counted as individual 
mines. The total number reported comprises those in operation or in the course 
of development during the year 1919. For petroleum and natural-gas wells the indi¬ 
vidual wells w.ere counted and the total number productive December 31,1919, was 
reported. The number of natural-gas gasoline plants is the total number reported 
in operation during the year. 

Classification by industries.—The enterprises reported have been grouped by 
industries according to the kind of products. Only a few enterprises made consoli¬ 
dated reports covering more than one kind of product. In such cases classification 
was determined by the product of chief value. 

Geographic presentation.—The general tables at the end of the bulletin give 
statistics of the industry in detail for each state or group of states which can be 
shown without disclosure of individual operations. Other tables present statistics 
by mining regions, producing provinces, or fields, these divisions comprising groups 
of states related by features peculiar to the industry. 

Influence of increased prices.—In comparing figures for cost of supplies and 
materials, and value of products, with the corresponding figures for earlier censuses, 
account should be taken of the general increase in the prices of commodities during 
recent years. To the extent to which this factor has been influential the figures fail 
to afford an exact measure of the increase in the volume of business. 

Persons engaged in the industry.—The following general classes of persons 
engaged in the mines and quarries and petroleum and natural-gas industries were 
distinguished: (1) Proprietors and firm members, (2) salaried officers of corpora¬ 
tions, (3) superintendents and managers, (4) technical employees, (5) clerks (includ¬ 
ing other subordinate salaried employees), and (6) wage earners. In the reports for 
the census of 1909 the fourth class, technical employees, was not distinguished and 
was probably included with other salaried employees. 

The number of persons engaged in each industry, segregated by occupation, sex, 
and, in the case of wage earners, also by age (whether under 16 or 16 and over), was 
reported for a single representative day. The 15th of December was selected as 
representing for most industries normal conditions of employment, but where this 
date was not a representative day report for another date was requested. 

The number of employees other than wage earners thus reported for the representa¬ 
tive date has been treated as equivalent to the average for the year, since the number 
of such employees does not ordinarily vary much from month to month. The 
average of wage earners has been obtained in the manner explained in the next 
paragraph. 

In addition to the more detailed report by occupation, sex, and age of the number 
of wage earners on the representative date, a report was obtained of the number 
employed on the 15th of each month, without distinction of sex or age. From these 
figures'the average number of wage earners for the year has been calculated by divid¬ 
ing the sum of the numbers reported for the several months by 12. The' impor¬ 
tance of the industry as an employer of labor is believed to be more accurately meas¬ 
ured by this average than by the number employed at any one time or on a given 
day. 

The total number of wage earners reported for the representative day is given 
in the table of detailed statistics for the industries, in connection with the classifi¬ 
cation of wage earners by occupation for the representative day. This number is 
not used in any other way because it is believed to be less significant than the 
average number. The number reported for the representative day, on account of 
the unavoidable variations of date, involves more or less duplication of persons 
working in different industries at different times; does not represent the total num¬ 
ber employed in all industries at any one time; and gives undue weight to seasonal 
industries as compared with industries in continuous operation. 

Prevailing hours of labor.—No attempt was made to ascertain the number of 
wage earners working a given number of hours per week. The inquiry called 
merely for the prevailing practice followed in each enterprise. Occasional varia¬ 
tions in hours from one part of the year to another were disregarded, and no atten¬ 
tion was paid to the fact that a few wage earners might have hours differing from 
v ose of the majority. All the wage earners of each enterprise are therefore counted 


in the class in which the majority belong. In most enterprises, however, practically 
all the wage earners work the same number of hours, so that the figures give a sub¬ 
stantially correct representation of the hours of labor. 

Capital.—The instructions on the schedule for securing data relating to capital 
were as follows: “ The answer should show the total amount of capital, owned 
and borrowed, invested by the operator in the enterprise on the last day of the 
business year reported. Do not include securities and loans representing invest¬ 
ments in other enterprises.” These instructions were identical with those em¬ 
ployed at the Census of 1909. The reports received in respect to capital, however 
at both censuses, have in so many cases been defective that the data compiled are 
of value only as indicating very general conditions. While there are some enter¬ 
prises maintaining accounting systems such that an accurate return for capital 
could be made, this is not true of the great majority, and the figures therefore do 
not show the actual amount of capital invested. 

Expenses.—The expenses reported at the Census of 1919 include salaries and 
wages; the cost of supplies, materials, and fuels, including the freight on these: 
cost of power purchased; the cost of contract work; royalties and rents paid; and 
taxes paid or assessed. The Census of 1909 reported in addition to the items of 
expenses covered by the present census all other items of expense incident to that 
year’s business except interest on indebtedness, dividends, and allowances for 
depreciation. 

Salaries and wages.—Under these heads are given the total payments during 
the year for salaries and wages, respectively. The Census Bureau has not under¬ 
taken to calculate the average annual earnings of either salaried employees or wage 
earners. Such averages would possess little real value, because they would be 
based on the earnings of employees of both sexes, of all ages, in diflerent occupa¬ 
tions, and of widely varying degrees of skill. Furthermore, so far as wage earners 
are concerned, it would be impossible to calculate accurately even so simple an 
average as this, since the number of wage earners fluctuates rapidly and irregularly 
in every industry, and in some to a very great extent from day to day. The Census 
Bureau’s figures' for wage earners, as already explained, are averages based on the 
number employed on the 15th of each month and while representing the number 
according to the pay rolls to whom wages were paid on that date, no doubt represent 
a larger number than would be required to perform the work in any industry if all 
were continuously employed during the year. 

Supplies and materials, fuel, and power.—Statistics as to supplies and ma¬ 
terials, fuel, and power, relate to the cost of these used during the year which may 
be more or less than the amount purchased during the year. The term “supplies 
and materials” covers mine, mill, quarry, and well supplies, and mineral pur¬ 
chased for treatment, resale, or distribution. 

Contract work.—The amounts reported under this head include expenditures 
for both productive operations and those prosecuted for development only; they 
are in effect indirect expenditures for salaries, wages, supplies, materials, and fuel 
and power. 

Royalties and rents.—The amounts given under this head represent the pay¬ 
ment to fee holders or the value of the share of product credited to fee holders for 
mineral output from leased land and also rents paid for plants, equipment, and 
privileges or easements. 

Taxes.—The taxes include Federal capital stock, corporation income, and excess 
profits taxes; and also state county, and local taxes. The data compiled in respect 
to Federal taxes are very defective largely for the reason that many mining cor¬ 
porations are engaged in other business and have sources of income other than 
from mining and do not pay taxes on mining separately. For many of these cor¬ 
porations no data have been obtained; for others satisfactory segregation for minin g 
could not be made. 

Expenditures for development work.—The expenses reported as defined above 
include costs of both productive operation and development work. In the statistics 
on producing enterprises that part of the expenses for salaries, wages, contract 
work, supplies and materials, fuel, and power which was credited by the mine 
operators to development work is shown as expenditures for development work. 
In the statistics for nonproducing enterprises the total of all these expenses is 
given as expenditure for development work. 

Value of products.—The amounts given under this heading represent the 
selling value at point of production or f. o. b. at point of shipment, or such other 
value as may represent the net value or amount received for the product mined 
in 1919 under the terms by which it was disposed of, and includes the value at point 
of production of products used by the operating company. 

Cost of mining and profits.—The census data do not show the entire cost of 
mining and well operations, and consequently can not be used for the calculation 
of profits. No account has been taken of depreciation or interest; rent of offices 
and buildings other than mines, quarries, and wells; insurance, selling, and other 
sundry expenses. 

Lands controlled.—The inquiry on land tenure was confined to land pertaining 
to the mining or well operations covered by the report. In many of these, however, 
land held in reserve for future development and for speculative or other purposes 
not pertaining to mining was included in the returns, and also a large number of 
more or less unsatisfactory estimates were included. Nevertheless, it is believed 
that the data presented reflect fairly the conditions as to land tenure in the mining 
industries, and correctly show the order of magnitude of land holdings pertaining 
to mining enterprises. 

Power used.—The item, aggregate horsepower, represents the horsepower of 
prime movers used by the enterprises for generating power plus horsepower of 
motors, principally electric, and other equipment operated by power purchased 
from other concerns. It does not cover the power of electric motors taking their 
current from primary power generators operated by the same enterprise (such 
equipment is reported separately^ because its inclusion would obviously result 
in duplication. The figures on power represent the rated capacity of the engines, 
motors, etc., and not the amount of power in actual daily use. 

Fuel.—Statistics of the quantity of fuel used are shown only for anthracite and 
bituminous coal, coke, wood, oil, and gas. They relate to the quantity used dur¬ 
ing the year, which may be more or less than the quantity purchased. As only 
the principal varieties of fuel are shown, no comparison can be made with the total 
cost of all fuel. 


LIBRARY Of CONGRESS 1 

received 

JUL1 21922 

I documents O'V...' 1 






GYPSUM. 


■ lH-5 
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f 


INTRODUCTION. 

This report presents the results of the census of 
mines and quarries for the year 1919 relating to the 
production of gypsum. It includes statistics show¬ 
ing the progress of the industry by comparison of 
results of the 1919 census with those of the pre¬ 
ceding censuses of mines and quarries; also statistics 
for 1919 showing the character of organization of 
operating enterprises, scale of operation, persons en¬ 
gaged in the industry, acreage of mineral and other 
lands controlled, power equipment used, and a gen¬ 
eral table presenting statistics in detail for the 
United States, and separately for such states as can 
be shown without disclosure of individual operations. 

Definitions and explanations.—Gypsum, either in 
the form of massive or rock gypsum, or the earthy 
material gypsite, is the raw material mined for use in 
the manufacture of plaster of Paris; wall plaster; 
stucco; plaster board and wall board; partition, roof, 
and other tiles; Portland cement; and as agricultural 
gypsum. Gypsum is sometimes sold crude; more 
often sold calcined as plaster; for the most part, 
however, it is not sold crude, or simply calcined, but 
is used by the producer in the manufacture of gyp¬ 
sum products and enters the market only in manu¬ 
factured form. The principal producers of gypsum 
operate mills or manufacturing plants at the gypsum 
* mines and quarries. The statistics herein presented 
relate primarily to the gypsum-mining industry with 
which is included the calcining of gypsum and its 
preparation for further manufacture. Returns were 
received from some producers reporting separately 
the mining activities of the business, and from other 
producers making combined reports on mining and 
manufacturing activities. The latter were, so far as 
possible, segregated so that mining and manufactur¬ 
ing statistics could be separately tabulated. For 
some establishments insufficient information was 
available for such segregation, and in these cases the 
full reports covering both mining and manufactur¬ 
ing activities have been included in the statistics ol 
the gypsum-mining industry. 

Gypsum is obtained both by quarrying or mining 
in open pits and by mining under ground. Either 
method may be practiced in any region as the thick¬ 
ness of the overburden chiefly determines the method 
of operation. 


The gypsum resources of the United States include 
deposits in the east in New York, Virginia, Ohio, and 
Michigan; in the western Mississippi Valley in Iowa, 
South Dakota, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas; and 
in the western region in Arizona, California, Colo¬ 
rado, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, 
and Wyoming. 

Method of reporting quantity and value of prod¬ 
ucts.—The statistics relating to the production of 
gypsum were collected in cooperation with the United 
States Geological Survey, for which purpose there 
was provided, in addition to the general schedule for 
the census, a supplemental schedule requesting 
special information desired by the Geological Survey. 
These schedules called for the quantity and value 
at the mine of gypsum produced and also for the 
quantity and value at the mill of gypsum in gypsum 
products manufactured and in gypsum products 
used or sold. The Census Bureau required the value 
of products at the mine or plant; the Geological 
Survey, the total quantity mined and the quantity 
and value of gypsum sold or used by the producer. 
The value of products as reported by the two bureaus 
for 1919 are compared in the following statement: 



Bureau of the 
Census. 

Geological 

Survey. 

United States. 

$6,805,940 

$15,727,907 


1,110,463 

1,092,920 

4,602,557 

3,530,7'3 
2,634,4 J 4 
9,562,720 


All other states 1 . 



> Includes Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Michigan, Nevada, New Mexico, 
^hio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Wyoming for 
both bureaus’ figures"; the Geological Survey figures include also the production 
of Aiaska and Montana and a small quantity’ of gypsum sold by warehouses. 

Practically all of the differences here shown are 
accounted for by the fact that the Geological Survey 
reports as value of products the value of gypsum sold 
as such and gypsum in manufactured products sold or 
used by the producer, while the Bureau of the Census 
reports the value to the producer of his output, 
whether raw or calcined gypsum or gypsum products. 

As the Bureau of the Census did not tabulate the 
quantity of gypsum produced in 1919, available in¬ 
formation is limited to that contained in the United 
States Geological Survey’s publication “ Mineral 
Resources of the United States: 1919,” from which 
Table 1 is quoted. 


( 3 ) 



















4 


MINES AND QUARRIES. 

Table 1 .— GYPSUM PRODUCED AND SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES: 1919. 1 


STATE. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
plants 
report¬ 
ing. 

Total 

quantity 

mined 

(tons, 

2,000 

pounds). 

SOLD WITHOUT CALCINING. 

SOLD AS CALCINED 
PLASTER. 

Total value. 

Agricultural gypsum. 

For Portland 
cement, paint, and 
other purposes. 

Quantity 
(tons, 2,000 
pounds). 

Value. 

Quantity 
(tons, 2,000 
pounds). 

Value. 

Quantity 
(tons, 2,000 
pounds). 

Value. 

United States. 

57 

2,420,163 

39,978 

$185,566 

470,267 

$1,332,637 

1,593,020 

$14,209,704 

$15,727,907 

Iowa. 

6 

421,279 

2,405 

8,760 

66,619 

222,672 

264,656 

2,403,012 

2,634,444* 

Kansas. 

3 

78,479 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

2 66.008 

2 520,673 

520,673 

Michigan. 

6 

339,125 

1,597 

10,422 

57,157 

163,688 

250,687 

2,216,257 

2,390,367 

Nevada. 

3 

91,756 

( 2 ) 

• ( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

2 79,181 

2 4)7,561 

497,561 

New York. 

8 

591,153 

5,458 

23,984 

210,959 

596,355 

316,767 

2,910,404 

3,530,743 

Ohio. 

3 

251,259 

1,435 

6,363 

6,390 

20,373 

219,900 

2,022,987 

2.049,723 

Oklahoma. 

5 

114,313 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

24,761 

63,920 

2 72,013 

2 644,740 

708,6 0 

Texas. 

5 

176,607 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

10,637 

16,442 

2 130,656 

2 1,064,312 

1,080,754 

Wyoming. 

3 

51,079 





37,314 

282,587 

282,587 

All otherstates 3 . 

15 

305; 113 

24,902 

128,840 

69,662 

193,794 

187,101 

1,709; 761 

2,032; 395 


1 U. S. Geological Survey, Mineral Resource? of the United States: 1919. 

2 Crude gypsum is included with calcined plaster. 

* Includes Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, and Virginia; and also a small quantity sold by warehouses and 
not accounted for elsewhere. 


PRINCIPAL STATISTICS. 

Table 2 presents by states and groups of states the 
principal statistics for producing gypsum mines in 
1919. No activities on unproductive properties were 
reported for that year. On the basis of total value 
of products—$6,805,940—this industry ranked fif¬ 
teenth, and on the basis of average number of wage 
earners employed—2,191—it ranked fourteenth 
among the mining industries in the United States in 
1919. 


Table 2.—Principal Statistics, Producing Enterprises: 1919. 



United 

States. 

New 

York. 

Other 

eastern 

states. 1 

Iowa. 

Western 

states. 2 

Number of enterprises. 

47 

6 

8 

5 

28 

N umber of mines. 

48 

6 

8 

5 

29 

Mineral land operated, .acres. 

41,703 

2,471 

5,783 

1,519 

31,930 

Persons engaged. 

2,477 

446 

694 

487 

850 

Proprietors and firm mem- 






bers, total. 

4 

1 



3 

Nun.ber performing 
manual labor. 

I 

3 

1 



2 

Salaried employees. 

282 

45 

73 

43 

121 

Wage earners (average 






number). 

2,191 

400 

621 

444 

726 

Power used (aggregate horse- 






power). 

15,032 

1,706 

5,179 

2,057 

6,090 

Capital. 

$13,541,548 

$1,559,514 

$4,816,157 

$2,124,006 

$5,041,871 

Principal expenses: 






Salaries. 

555,450, 

78,923 

152,7.56 

85,467 

238,304 

Wages. 

2,478,391! 

515,650 

709,035 

495,747 

757,959 

Contract work. 

3,747! 




3,747 

Supplies and materials... 

1,530; 338 

263,914 

421,754 

206,180 

638,490 

Fuel and pu- chased power 

660,420 

84,486 

171,786 

132,600 

271,548 

Royalties and rents. 

69,403 

31,946 

14,032 

21,021 

2,404 

Taxes. 

81,983 

9,576 

23,976 

7,546 

40,885 

Value of all products. 

6.805,94o' 

1,110,463 

1,857,633 

1,092,920 

2,744,924 


1 Includes enterprises in states listed in order of value of products as follows: 
Michigan, 4; Virginia, 2; Ohio, 2. 

2 Includes enterprises in states listed in order of value of products as follows: 
Nevada, 3; Texas, 3; Wyoming, 4; Oklahoma, 5; Kansas, 3; Utah, 2; New Mexico, 
1; Oregon, 1; Arizona, 1; South Dakota, 2; Colorado, 2; California, 1. 

There were 25 operators during the census year who 
reported for 47 enterprises and 48 mines. Three 
operators reported a majority of the enterprises, and 
each of these three operated in various part's of 


the United States. As the industry is so largely 
controlled by a few operators, analysis of the sta¬ 
tistics can not be presented in detail without dis-' 
closure of individual operations. 

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. 

Statistics can be shown separated for only the two 
leading states, New York and Iowa; other producing 
states are grouped as “Other eastern states” and as 
“Western states.” Table 2 shows the principal sta¬ 
tistics for these states and groups of states, and 
Table 3 shows the rank by the per cent distribution 
of the value of products and average number of 
wage earners for these states and groups. On the 
basis of value of products New York and Iowa, 
with six and five enterprises, respectively, each ac¬ 
counted for approximately one-sixth of the production. 
Measured either by value of products or by average 
number of wage earners, the region west of the Mississ¬ 
ippi River was the most important in the industry, 
reporting 56.4 per cent of the total value of products 
and 53.4 per cent of the total average number of 
wage earners. 


Table 3.—States, Ranked by Value of Products, Produc¬ 
ing Enterprises: 1919. 


STATE. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
enter¬ 
prises. 

WAGE EARNERS. 

VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 

Average 

number. 

Per 

cent 

distri¬ 

bution. 

Amount. 

Per 

cent 

distri¬ 

bution. 

United States. 

' 47 

2,191 

100.0 

$6,805,940 

100.0 

New York. 

6 

400 

18.3 

1,110,463 

16.3 

Iowa. 

5 

444 

20.3 

1,092,920 

16.1 

Other eastern states 1 . 

8 

621 

28.3 

1,857,633 

27.3 

Western states 2 . 

28 

726 

33.1 j 

2,744,924 

40.3 


1 Includes states listed in order of value of products as follows: Michigan, Vir¬ 
ginia, Ohio. 

2 Includes states listed in order of value of products as follows: Nevada, Texas, 
Wyoming, Oklahoma, Kansas, Utah, New Mexico, Oregon, Arizona, South 
Dakota, Colorado, California. 







































































































































GYPSUM. 


5 


PROGRESS OF THE INDUSTRY. 

Comparative statistics for producing enterprises in 
the United States: 1889-1919.—Table 4 presents, for 
producing gypsum enterprises in the United States 
as a whole, the principal statistics reported at the 
Fourteenth Census and the three preceding censuses uf 
mines and quarries. This table indicates large in¬ 
crease in the gypsum-mining industry during the two 
decades 1889 to 1909. The average number of wage 
earners in 1909 was more than four times the number 
in 1889 and the value of products increased nearly 700 
per cent. • In contrast to this progress, the statistics 
show decreases, during the decade 1909 to 1919, in 
the number of enterprises, mines, persons engaged, 

Table 4.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, PRODU 


and power used; the increases shown for wages, 
cost of supplies and materials and fuel and power, 
and value of products are in accord with these de¬ 
creases because they are less than sufficient to 
offset the general price increases during the decade. 
These figures should be interpreted, not as indicating 
an actual decline in the industry, but rather as a 
measure of the effect on the gypsum industry of 
business depression during the census year. The 
Geological Survey’s annual figures on the produc¬ 
tion of gypsum, as presented in Table 5, show a 
large growth in the industry from 1889 up to 1917, 
when it was checked by the war’s effect on construc¬ 
tion work in which gypsum products are largely used. 

NG ENTERPRISES: 1919, 1909, 1902, AND. 1889. 


Number of enterprises. 

Number of mines. 

Persons engaged.,. 

Proprietors and firm members, total.. 

Number performing manual labor 

Salaried employees. 

Wage earners (average number). 

Power used (aggregate horrepower). 

Capital... 

Principal expenses: 

Salaries. 

W ages. 

Contract work.. 

Supp ies and materials. 

Fuel and purchased power.. 

Royalties and rents.. 

Taxes. 

Value of products.. 


1919 

1909 

1902 

1889 

PEE CENT OF INCREASE.1 

1909-1919 

1902-1909 

1889-1902 

47 

78 

45 

(0 




48 

222 

62 

( 2 ) 

-78.4 



2,477 

3,899 



-36.5 



4 

6 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 




3 

4 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 




282 

431 

249 

( 3 ) 

-34.6 

73.1 


2, 191 

3,462 

1,472 

761 

-36.7 

135.2 

93.4 

15,032 

17,685 

7,319 

( 3 ) 

-15.0 

141.6 


$13,541,548 

$10,213,284 

( 2 ) 

$2,473,175 

32.6 



555,450 

551,889 

*300,420 


0.6 

83.7 


2,478,391 

1,820,877 

759,258 


36.1 

139.8 


3, 747 

16,558 

406 

10,031 

-77.4 



1,530,338 

986,658 

4 341,760 

128; 854 

55.1 



660,420 

573,459 

( 3 ) 

( 3 ) 

15.2 



69,403 

74,916 

49,912 

( 3 ) 

-7.4 

50.1 


81,9,83 

39,062 

( 3 ) 

( 3 ) 

109.9 



6,805,940 

5,812,810 

2,089,341 

764,118 

17.1 

178.2 

173.4 


1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. 3 Comparable figures not available. 

2 Not reported. * Includes cost of fuel. 


Table 5.— CRUDE GYPSUM MINED IN THE UNITED STATES: 1889 TO 1919. 1 


YEAR. 

Quantity 

(tons, 

2,000 

pounds). 

YEAR. 

Quantity 

(tons, 

2,000 

pounds). 

YEAR. 

Quantity 

(tons, 

2,000 

pounds). 

1889 

267,769 
182,995 

1895. 

265,503 
224,254 

1900. 

594,462 

1890 

1896. 

1901. 

633;791 

1891 

208,126 

1897. 

288,982 

291,638 

1902. 

816;478 
1,041,704 

1892 

256;259 
253,615 

1898. 

1903. 

1893 

1899. 

486,235 

1904. 

'940;917 

1894. 

239;312 




YEAR. 

Quantity 

(tons, 

2,000 

pounds). 

YEAR. 

Quantity 

(tons, 

2,000 

pounds). 

YEAR. 

Quantity 

(tons, 

2,000 

pounds). 

1905. 

1,043,202 

1,540,585 

1,751,748 

1,721,829 

2,252,785 

1910. 

2,379,057 
2,323,970 
2,500,757 
2,599,508 
2,476,465 

1915. 

2,447,611 
2,757,730 
2,696,226 
2,057,015 
2,420,163 

1906. 

1911. 

1916. 

1907. 

1912. 

1917. 

1908. 

1913. 

1918. 

1909. 

1914. 

1919... 





1 U. S. Geological Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States. 


Power per enterprise and per wage earner: 1919 
and 1909.—Table 6 presents comparative statistics for 
1919 and 1909 in regard to power used. Although 
there was a decrease in the average number of wage 
earners and in the aggregate horsepower used in the 
gypsum industry in 1919 as compared with 1909, the 
horsepower per enterprise and the horsepower per 
wage earner increased 41 and 40 per cent, respectively, 
during that decade. Progress or development in the 
industry indicated by increased use of mechanical 
equipment. 

87234—22-2 


Table 6.—Power Used Per Enterprise and Per Wage 
Earner, Producing Enterprises: 1919 and 1909. 



1919 

1909 

Per cent 
of in¬ 
crease. 1 

Number of enterprises. 

47 

2,191 
15,032 
320 

7 

78 

3,462 
17,685 
227 

5 


Wage earners (average number). 

Power used (aggregate horsepower). 

Horsepower per enterprise. 

Horsepower per wage earner. 

-36.7 

-15.0 

41.0 


1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Percentages are omitted where base is less 
than 100. 







































































































































6 


MINES AND QUARRIES. 


CHARACTER OF ORGANIZATION. 

The character of organization of operating enter¬ 
prises in the gypsum-mining industry in the United 
States as a whole is shown in Table 7. Forty-three of 
the 47 enterprises were operated by corporations 
which employed 99.3 per cent of the average number 
of wage earners and reported 99.7 per cent of the total 
value of products; the other enterprises were con¬ 
ducted by individuals and were small. 


Table 7.—Character of Organization, Producing Enter¬ 
prises: 1919. 


• 

CHARACTER OF ORGANI¬ 
ZATION. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
enter¬ 
prises. 

Wage 

earn¬ 

ers 

(aver¬ 

age 

num¬ 

ber). 

VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 

PER CENT DISTRI¬ 
BUTION. 

Total. 

Per 

enter¬ 

prise. 

Enter¬ 

prises. 

Wage 

earners 

(aver¬ 

age 

num¬ 

ber). 

Value 

of 

prod¬ 

ucts. 

All classes. 

47 

2,191 

$6,805,940 

$144, 807 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Corporation. 

43 

2,176 

6,782, 826 

157,740 

91.5 

99.3 

99.7 

Individual. 

4 

15 

23,114 

5,779 

8.5 

0.7 

0.3 


SCALE OF OPERATION. 

Size of enterprises according to value of products.— 
In Table 8 the gypsum-producing enterprises in the 
United States in 1919 are grouped according to the 
value of their products, and the value of products 
and the per cent distribution is given for each group. 
The largest enterprises, although less than one-half 
the total number of enterprises, produced 85.1 per 
cent of the total value of products. 


Table 8.—Size of Producing Enterprises, by Value of 

Products: 1919. 


VALUE OF PRODUCTS PER ENTERPRISE. 

ENTERPRISES. 

VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

distri¬ 

bution. 

Per 

Amount. 

bution. 

All classes. 

47 

100.0 

$6,805,940 100.0 

Less than $5,000. 

3 

6.4 

5,042 | 0.1 

$5,000 to $20,000. 

5 

10.6 

69,164 1.0 

$20,000 to $100,000. 

18 

38.3 

941,620 ! 13.8 

$100,000 and over 1 . 

21 

44.7 

5,970,114 85.1 


i Includes the group “1500,000 to $1,000,000.’’ 


Size of enterprises according to the average number 
of wage earners employed.—Table 9 shows, for the 
United States as a whole, and separately for the leading 
states and groups of states, the enterprises classified 
according to the average number of wage earners 
employed. In the United States as a whole, 41 of the 
total of 47 enterprises had fewer than 101 wage earners 
each and employed 55.9 per cent of the total average 
number of wage earners. Six enterprises had more 
than 100 wage earners each and employed 44.1 per cent 
of the total average number of wage earners. The 
larger enterprises—that is, those employing an average 
of more than 100 wage earners each—were in Iowa, 
New York, and other eastern states. 


Table 9.—Size of Producing Enterprises, by Average 
Number of Wage Earners: 1919. 


STATE AND WAGE EARNERS PER 
ENTERPRISE. 

ENTERPRISES. 

WAGE EARNERS. 

N umber. 

Per cent 
distribu¬ 
tion. 

Average 

number. 

Per cent 
distribu¬ 
tion. 

United States . 

47 

100.0 

2,191 

100.0 

1 to 5.. 

4 

8.5 

11 

0.5 

6 to 20. 

14 

29.8 

190 

8.7 

21 to 50. 

15 

31.9 

506 

23.1 

51 to 100. 

8 

17.0 

518 

23.6 

101 to 500. 

6 

12.8 

966 

44.1 

New York. 

6 

100.0 

400 

100.0 

l to 5.T. 

1 

16.7 

1 

0.2 

6 to 20. 

1 

16.7 

15 

3.8 

21 to 50. 

1 

16.7 

40 

10.0 

51 to 100. 

1 

16.7 

59 

14.8 

101 to 500. 

2 

33.3 

285 

71.2 

Iowa. 

5 

100.0 

444 

100.0 

6 to 20. 

1 

20.0 

9 

2.0 

21 to 50. 

2 

40.0 

78 

17.6 

101 to 500. 

2 

40.0 

357 

80.4 

Other Eastern states. 

8 

100.0 

621 

100.0 

6 to 20. 

1 

12.5 

19 

3.1 

21 to 50. 

2 

25.0 

86 

13.8 

51 to 100. 

3. 

37.5 

192 

30.9 

101 to 500. 

2 

25.0 

324 

52.2 

Western states. 

28 

100.0 

726 

100.0 

1 to 5. 

3 

10.7 

10 

1.4 

6 to 20. 

11 

39.3 

147 

20.2 

21 to 50. 

10 

35.7 

302 

41.6 

51 to 100. 

4 

14.3 

267 

36.8 


Size of enterprises according to acreage of mineral 
land.—Table 10 shows, for the United States as a 
whole, the enterprises classified according to the 
number of acres of mineral land controlled and 
shows for each class the number of mines and the 
number of acres controlled. The largest number of 
enterprises was in the group operating from 100 to 
200 acres, and this group, constituting 29.8 per cent 
of the total number of enterprises, operated only 5.3 
per cent of the total acreage. The group controlling 
more than 1,000 acres per enterprise was the next 
largest, embracing 25.5 per cent of the total number 
of enterprises and controlling 76.6 per cent of the total 
number of acres of mineral land reported. 


Table 10. —Size of Producing Enterprises, by Number of 
Acres of Mineral Land: 1919. 


ACRES PER ENTERPRISE. 

ENTERPRISES. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
mines. 

MINERAL 

LAND. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Per cent 
distri¬ 
bution. 

Acres. 

Per cent 
distri¬ 
bution. 

All classes. 

47 

100.0 

48 

41,703 

100.0 

1 to 50. 

2 

4.3 

2 

26 

01 

50 to 100. 

4 

8.5 

4 

314 

0.8 

100 to 200. 

14 

29.8 

14 

2.202 

5.3 

200 to 500. 

8 

17.0 

8 

2,-556 

6.1 

500 to 1,000. 

7 

14.9 

7 

4,665 

11.2 

1,000 and over. 

12 

25.5 

13 

31,940 

76.6 


PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. 

Persons according to class and sex.—Table 11 gives 
the persons engaged in the gypsum industry by 
classes, showing the number of males and females 
and the per cent distribution for each class of em¬ 
ployees. The number of salaried employees—282— 





















































































































































GYPSUM. 


7 


constituted only 11.4 per cent of the total number of 
persons engaged in the industry. Only 60 females 
were reported in all grades and they constituted less 
than 3 per cent of the total number of persons em¬ 
ployed. 

Table 11 . —Persons Engaged in the Industry, Producing 

Enterprises: 1919. 


Persons engaged. 

Proprietors and firm members, total (male). 

Number performing manual labor... 

Salaried officers (male).. 

Superintendents and managers— 

Male.. 

Female. 

Technical employees (male). 

Clerks— 

Male. 

Female.* 

Wage earners (average number). 

Wage earners, Dec. 15, or nearest representative day— 

Male. 

Female.. 


Number. 

Per cent 
dis¬ 
tribution. 

2,477 

100.0 

4 

0.2 

3 

0.1 

28 

1.1 

65 

2.6 

1 

(*) 

5 

0.2 

135 

5.4 

48 

1.9 

2,191 

88 5 

2,545 


11 



1 Less than one-1 enth of 1 per cent. 


Wage earners, by occupations.—Table 12 shows the 
number of wage earners employed in the gypsum 
industry on December 15, 1919, or the nearest repre¬ 
sentative day, classified according to occupation, gives 
the per cent distribution by occupational classes, and 
the number in each class employed above and below 
ground. Wage earners in quarries or open-pit mines 
were classed as employed above ground. The table 
distinguishes between men engaged in the more pecu¬ 
liarly mining occupations, such as miners, quarrymen, 
drillmen, timbermen, trackmen, trammers, and their 
helpers; men in other skilled trades such as engine- 
men, hoistmen, firemen, machinists, electricians, car¬ 
penters and other mechanics; and less skilled and 
unclassified laborers. Forty-six per cent of the total 
number of wage earners were employed below ground; 
exclusive of those in beneficiating plants, 67.5 per 
cent of the number in all classes were employed 
below ground. Of the total number of wage earners 
reported, 68 per cent were engaged in actual mining 
operations; 32 per cent being employed in mills or 
beneficiating plants in which the gypsum was calcined 
or further prepared for manufacture. 


Table 12 . —Wage Earners, by Occupations, Producing En¬ 
terprises: 1919. 


NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR 
NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 


CLASS OF WAGE EARNERS. 

Total. 

Per cent 
distribu¬ 
tion. 

Above 

ground. 

Below 

ground. 

All classes.* 

2,556 

100.0 

1,381 

1,175 

Foremen, shift bosses, etc. 

77 

3.0 

37 

40 

Eneinemen, hoistmen, electricians, me¬ 
chanics, etc. 

145 

5.7 

105 

. 40 

Miners, quarrymen, and drillmen, in¬ 
cluding their helpers. 

604 

23.6 

159 

445 

Timbermen, trackmen, and men engaged 
in hauling, tramming, etc.... .. 

233 

C. 1 

25 

208 

Muckers, loaders, laborers, and others 
not classified. 

681 

26.6 

239 

442 

Wage earners employed in mills and 
beneficiating plants. 

816 

31.9 

816 





Wage earners, by months.—Table 13 shows for the 
United States as a whole, and for the principal states 
and groups of states, the number of wage earners em¬ 
ployed on the 15th day or nearest representative day 
of each month, the average number, the months of 
minimum and maximum employment, and the ratio 
of the minimum to the maximum number. The 
changes in the number employed from month to 
month reflect conditions prevailing in the gypsum 
industry during the census year. The month of maxi¬ 
mum employment for the industry -was November, 
and the month of minimum employment January, and 
the minimum number employed was 58 per cent of the 
maximum number. 

It will be noted that the number of wage earners 
reported for all enterprises on a representative day, 
which is presented in several other tables, aggregated 
2,556, or somewhat more than the number shown for 
December 15 in Table 13. While for most mines the 
representative day selected for reporting wage earners 
in detail was December 15, for other mines December 
was not a representative month and reports were 
made for some other date. Therefore, the aggregate 
for the representative day differs from the total of the 
numbers reported by each enterprise for the month 
of December. 


Table 13 .— WAGE EARNERS BY MONTHS, PRODUCING ENTERPRISES: 1919. 


[The month of maximum employment for each state is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] 


STATE. 

Aver¬ 
age 
num¬ 
ber em¬ 
ployed 
during 
year. 

NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY 

OF THE 

MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE TAY. 

Per 
ornt 
mini¬ 
mum 
is of 
maxi¬ 
mum. 

Janu¬ 

ary. 

Febru¬ 

ary. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sep¬ 

tember. 

Octo¬ 

ber. 

Novem¬ 

ber. 

Decem¬ 

ber. 

United States. 

2,191 

i,5U 

1,649 

1,782 

1,918 

2,078 

2,092 

2,350 

2,327 

2,582 

2,713 

2,715 

2,512 

58.0 

New York. 

400 

350 

359 

378 

372 

383 

366 

368 

3i0 

435 

475 

504 

470 

67.5 

Iowa. 

444 

m 

240 

272 

330 

389 

453 

540 

545 

611 

619 

613 

483 

37.6 

Other Eastern states. 

621 

m 

498 

522 

502 

613 

604 

666 

666 

674 

7:4 

725 

684 

64.2 

Western states. 

726 

507 

552 

610 

654 

693 

669 

776 

776 

862 

865 

873 

875 

57.9 


















































































































8 MINES AND 

Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 14 shows the enter¬ 
prises classified according to the prevailing hours of 
labor per week and gives the average number of wage 
earners employed in each class. In the industry as 
a whole, for a majority of the enterprises and for 60 
per cent of the wage earners employed, the hours of 
labor were 54 to 62 per week, that is, the 10-hour day 
and 6-day week prevailed. In Iowa, however, the 
prevailing hours of labor were 44 to 53 per week, and 
the 8-hour day and 6-day week was the rule. 

Table 14.—Number of Producing Enterprises and Average 
Number of Wage Earners, bT Prevailing Hours of 
Labor: 1919. 


STATE. 

TOTAL. 

NUMBER WHERE 
HOURS OF LABOR 

THE PREVAILING 

PER WEEK WERE— 

Enterprises. 

Wage earners. 

36 to 43. 

44 to 53. 

54 to 62. 

63 to 71. 

Enter¬ 

prises. 

Wage 

earners. 

Enter¬ 
prises. | 

Wage 
earners. 1 

Enter¬ 

prises. 

Wage 

earners. 

Enter¬ 

prises. 

1 Wage 

| earners. 

United States. 

47 

2,191 

i 

i 

12 

830 

32 

1,317 

2 

43 

New York. 

6 

400 

.... 


1 

143 

5 

257 




5 

444 



5 

444 






8 

621 



1 

161 

7 

460 



Western states. 

28 

726 

i 

i 

5 

82 

20 

600 

2 

43 


LAND TENURE AND ROYALTIES. 

Land tenure.—Table 15 shows for 1919 the number 
of acres of land controlled by producing enterprises. 
The table distinguishes mineral land (that is, land held 


QUARRIES. 

for its content of gypsum) from timber and other 
lands, and shows the mineral land according to form 
of tenure. Approximately 90 per cent of the gypsum 
land controlled in the United States was held by 
ownership, but in New York, on the contrary, the 
larger part of the operated land was held under lease. 


Table 15.—Land Controlled, Producing Enterprises: 1919. 


STATE. 

Aggregate 

(acres). 

MINERAL LAND (ACRES). 

Timber 

and 

other 

lands 

(acres). 

Total. 

Owned. 

Held 

under 

lease. 

United States. 

42,193 

41,703 

36,581 

5,122 

490 

> 

New York.... 

2,471 

1,519 

6,273 

31,930 

2,471 

1,519 

5,783 

31,930 

759 

1,160 

4,022 

30,640 

1,712 

359 

1,761 

1,290 


Iowa. 


Other eastern states. 

490 

Western states. 




In Table 16 the enterprises are classified according 
to form of tenure of mineral land—whether held by 
ownership, under lease, or partly held by ownership 
and partly under lease. The table also shows the per 
cent the total owned acreage is of the aggregate of 
mineral land, and also the per cent which the total 
under each class of tenure is of the aggregate acreage 
of mineral land. In New York and in Iowa, most of 
the land was held under mixed form of tenure, whereas 
in other states the control of mineral land was chiefly 
by ownership. 


Table 16.— NUMBER OF PRODUCING ENTERPRISES AND ACRES OF MINERAL LAND CONTROLLED, CLASSIFIED 

ACCORDING TO FORM OF TENURE: 1919. 


STATE. 

TOTAL. 

ENTERPRISES 
OPERATING ONLY 
OWNED LAND. 

ENTERPRISES 
OPERATING ONLY 
LAND HELD 
UNDER LEASE. 

ENTERPRISES OPERATING LAND 
PARTLY OWNED AND PARTLY 

HELD UNDER LEASE. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
enter¬ 
prises. 

Acres controlled— 

N um¬ 
ber of 
enter¬ 
prises. 

Acres 

controlled— 

Num¬ 
ber of 
enter¬ 
prises. 

Acres 

controlled— 

Num¬ 
ber of 
enter¬ 
prises. 

Acres controlled— 

Aggre¬ 

gate. 

By 

owner¬ 

ship. 

By 

lease. 

Per 
cent 
owned 
is of 
aggre¬ 
gate. 

By 

owner¬ 

ship. 

Per 
cent of 
aggre¬ 
gate. 

By 

lease. 

Per 

cent of 
aggre¬ 
gate. 

Total. 

Per 
cent of 
aggre¬ 
gate. 

By 

owner¬ 

ship. 

iS. 

United States. 

New York. 

Iowa. 

Other eastern states. 

Western states. 

47 

i 41,703 

36,581 

5,122 

87.7 

31 

31,198 

82.0 

7 

2,277 

5.5 

9 5,228 

12.5 

2, 383 

2,845 

8 

28 

! 2,471 

1,519 
5,783 
31,930 

759 
1,160 
4, 022 
30, 640 

1,712 

359 

1,761 

1,290 

30.7 

76.4 

69.5 
96.0 

2 

1 

5 

23 

135 
160 
3,822 
30, 081 

5.5 
10.5 
66.1 
94.2 

1 

3 

2 

1 

422 
334 
1,361 
160 

17.1 
22.0 
23.5 
0.5 

! 

i 

4 

1,914 

1,025 

600 

1,689 

77.5 

67.5 
10.4 

5.3 

624 

1,000 

200 

559 

1,290 
25 
400 
1,130 


Table 17 presents comparative statistics for 1919 
and 1909, showing the acreage of mineral land and 
timber and other lands controlled. There was a slight 
increase in the number of acres of owned mineral land 


operated, but large decrease in the other classes of 
land shown. These changes are in accord with the 
decrease in the number of mines operated, as shown in 
Table 4. 





























































































































































GYPSUM. 


9 


Table 17 . —Comparative Statistics, Land Controlled, Pro- 


ducing Enterprises: 

1919 AND 

1909 . 



ACRES. 

CHARACTER AND TENURE OF LAND. 

1919 

1909 

Per cent of 
increase. 1 

Total land. 

42,193 

■ 54,215 

-22.2 


Mineral land. 

41,703 

52,900 
35,592 
17,308 
1,315 

—21.2 

2.8 

-70.4 

-62.7 

Owned. 

36,5K1 

Leased. 

5,122 

Timber and other lands. 

'490 



1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 


Royalties.—The census of mines and quarries, 1919, 
did not distinguish between royalties or rent paid for 
mineral land and rents of other kinds, but as these 
other rents are known to be insignificant in amount 
the statistics presented for royalties and rents may 
be taken to represent only royalties or rent of mineral 
land. Royalty, which is a compensation for the 
privilege of mining leased lands, is either a fixed 
share of the product or a percentage of the value of 
product. 

Table 18 shows the enterprises classified according 
to form of land tenure, and gives the value of prod¬ 
ucts and the royalties and rents paid. Thirty-one en¬ 
terprises operated only owned land, produced approxi¬ 
mately 60 per cent of the total value of products, and 
reported a negligible amount of rent; 7 enterprises 
operated leased lands only, reported products amount¬ 
ing to 17 per cent of the total and royalties amount¬ 
ing to 3 per cent of the value of their products; and 
9 enterprises operated land partly owned and partly 
held under lease, but which, as shown in Table 16, 
was more than half leased land, and reported royal¬ 
ties amounting to 2.5 per cent of the value of their 
products. 


Table 18 . —Value op Products and Royalties and Rents, 
for Producing Enterprises Classified According to Ten¬ 
ure of Mineral Land: 1919. 


CLASSES OF ENTERPRISES. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
enter¬ 
prises. 

Value of 
products. 

Royalties 
and rents. 


47 

$6,805,940 

$69,403 



Enterprises operating: 

31 

4,290,600 
1,144,989 
1,370,351 

480 


7 

35,021 

Land partly owned and partly held under lease 

9 

33,902 


POWER. 

Power equipment used.—The number and horse¬ 
power of the several types of prime movers and of 
electric motors used by the gvpsum-mining enter¬ 
prises in 1919 are presented for the t nited States as 
a whole and separately for states, in so far as they 
can be shown without disclosure, in the table of 
detailed statistics. Comparative statistics for 1919 
and 1909 are presented for the United States in 
Table 19, which shows the number and horsepower 


of power equipment used by producing enterprises 
and the per cent of increase or decrease in horsepower 
for each class of equipment used. A decrease is 
shown in the aggregate horsepower used which, as 
indicated in the section on progress of the industry, 
is largely due to a decrease in the number of oper¬ 
ating enterprises because of depressed business con¬ 
ditions. In contrast to the general decrease, an in¬ 
crease of 200 per cent is shown in horsepower of 
electric motors operated by purchased power. In 
1909, 85 per cent of the aggregate horsepower used 
was generated by prime movers and only 15 per cent 
furnished by electric motors operated by purchased 
current. On the other hand, in 1919, the horsepower 
of prime movers was only 46.8 per cent, while the 
horsepower of electric motors operated by purchased 
current constituted 53.2 per cent of the aggregate 
horsepower. An increase is also shown in the num¬ 
ber of electric motors operated by current generated 
by the enterprises reporting them. 


Table 19 . —Comparative Statistics, Power Used, Producing 
Enterprises: 1919 and 1909. 



1919 

1909 

Per cent 
of in¬ 
crease. 1 

Power used: Aggregate horsepower. 

15,032 

17,685 

-15.0 

Prime movers (total horsepower). 

7,038 

15,025 

-53.2 

Steam engines— 


Number. 

47 

90 


Horsepower. 

6,132 

13,399 

—54.2 

Internal-combustion engines— 



N umber. 

9 

18 


Horsepower. 

572 

681 

-16.0 

Water wheels and turbines— 




N umber. 

3 

10 


Horsepower. 

334 

945 

-64 7 

Equipment operated by purchased power 




(total horse power). 

7,994 

2,660 

200.5 

Electric motors— 



N umber.1. 

290 

81 


Horsepower. 

7,994 

2,660 

200.5 

Electric motors run by current generated by 
the enterprise reporting: 




Number. 

103 

49 


Horsepower. 

1,447 

1,333 

8.6 


1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Percentages are omitted where base is less 
than 100. 


GENERAL TABLE. 

Table 20 presents in detail for 1919 the statistics of 
gypsum mines in the United States as a whole, in 
the two leading states, and in all other producing states 
grouped as “Other eastern states” and “Western 
states.” The table gives the number of enterprises and 
mines, and the number of enterprises operating bene- 
ficiating plants; acreage of land controlled according 
to kind and the tenure of mineral land; the capital 
invested; the principal expenses of operation and 
development; the persons engaged in the industry, 
by classes and the wage earners according to occu¬ 
pation; and detailed statistics with regard to number 
and horsepower of power equipment, and with regard 
to fuel used. As all the gypsum-mining activities 
reported in 1919 were confined to productive opera¬ 
tions, there are no statistics for nonproducing enter¬ 
prises. 












































































10 


MINES AND QUARRIES. 

Table 20.—DETAILED STATISTICS FOR THE GYPSUM-MINING INDUSTRY, BY STATES: 1919. 


PRODUCING ENTERPRISES. 


Number of enterprises. 

Number of mines. 

Number of enterprises operating beneficiating plants 


Mineral land operated.acres.. 

Land controlled.acres.. 

Mineral land owned.acres.. 

Mineral land held under lease....acres.. 

Timber and other lands.acres.. 


Capital.. 

Principal expenses. 

Salaries and wages— 

Officers, superintendents, managers, and technical employees. 

Clerks, etc. 

Wage earners. 

Supplies and materials. 

Fuel. 

Purchased power. 

Royalties and rents. 

Taxes—Federal, state, county, and local. 

Contract work. 

Expenditures for development (included in principal expenses). 

Value of products. 

Persons engaged in industry. 

Proprietors and officials (total). 

Proprietors and firm members (total)..'. 

Number performing manual labor. 

Salaried officers. 

Superintendents and managers. 

Technical employees. 

Clerks, etc.— 

Male. 

Female. 

Wage earners (average number). 

Wage earners 15th day of— 

Maximum month. 

Minimum month. 

Wage earners by occupation, Dec. 15, or nearest representative day— 

Above ground (total). 

Below ground (total). 

Foremen, shift bosses, etc.— 

Above ground... 

Below ground.'.. 

Enginemen, hoistmen, electricians, mechanics, etc.— 

Above ground. 

Below ground. 

Miners, quarrymen, and drillmen, including their helpers— 

Above ground.;. 

Below ground... 

Timbermen, trackmen, and men engaged in hauling, tramming, etc.— 

Above ground. 

Below ground. 

Muckers, loaders, laborers, and others not classified— 

Above ground. 

Below ground. 

Wage earners employed in mills and beneficiating plants— 

Above ground. 

Number of females included in wage earners reported above— 

Above ground... 

Power used: Aggregate horsepower.. 

Prime movers (horsepower, total). 

Steam engines— 

Number. 

Horsepower... 

Internal-combustion engines— 

Number. 

Horsepower. 

Water wheels and turbines— 

Number. 

Horsepower. 

Equipment operated by purchased power (horsepower, total). 

Electric motors— 

Number. 

Horsepower. 

Electric motors run by current generated by the enterprise reporting: 

Number. 

Horsepower.. 


Fuel used: 

Coal, bituminous.tons, 2,000 pounds.. 

Coke.tons, 2,000 pounds.. 

Wood.cords.. 

Fuel oils.barrels.. 

Gasoline and other volatile oils.barrels.. 


Total. 

New York. 

Iowa. 

Other eastern 
states. * 1 

Western 

states. 1 

47 

6 

5 

8 

28 

48 

6 

5 

8 

29 

27 

2 

3 

4 

18 

41,703 

2,471 

1.519 

5,783 

31,930 

42,193 

2,471 

1,519 

6,273 

31,930 

36,581 

759 

1,160 

4,022 

30,640 

5,122 

1,712 

359 

1,761 

1,290 

490 



490 


*13,541,548 

*1,559,514 

*2,124,006 

*4,816,157 

*5,041,871 

*5,379,732 

*984,495 

$948,561 

*1,493,339 

*1,953,3 V7 

*275,145 

*43,455 

*33,687 

*63,504 

*134,499 

*280,305 

*35,468 

*51,780 

*89,252 

*103,835 

*2,478,391 

*515,650 

$495,747 

*709,035 

*757,959 

*1,530,338 

*263,914 

*206,180 

*421,754 

*638,4 0 

*516,148 

*36,719 

*119,579 

*139,660 

*220,1 0 

*144,272 

*47,767 

*13,021 

*32,126 

*51,358 

*69,403 

*31,946 

*21,021 

*14,032 

*2,4t 4 

*81,983 

$9,576 

*7,546 

*23,976 

$40,8>5 

$3 747 




*3,747 

*12,050 


*8,000 

*3,250 

*800 

*6,805,940 

*1,110,463 

*1,092,920 

*1,857,633 

*2,744,924 

2,477 

446 

487 

694 

850 

103 

20 

10 

17 

56 

4 

1 



3 

3 

1 



2 

28 

5 

i 

5 

17 

66 

10 

9 

12 

35 

5 

4 



1 

135 

19 

25 

42 

49 

48 

7 

8 

14 

19 

2,191 

400 

444 

621 

726 

Nov. 2,715 

Nov. 504 

Oct. 619 

Oct. 754 

Dec. 875 

Jan. 1,574 

Aug. 340 

Jan. 233 

Jan. 484 

Jan. 507 

1,381 

167 

171 

331 

712 

1,175 

304 

355 

353 

163 

37 

2 

2 

10 

23 

40 

8 

12 

15 

5 

105 

11 

17 

37 

40 

40 

18 

1 

18 

3 

159 



2 

157 

445 

97 

109 

124 

115 

25 

1 

5 

2 

17 

208 

48 

86 

58 

16 

239 

50 

21 

41 

127 

442 

133 

147 

138 

24 

816 

103 

126 

239 

348 

11 



9 

2 

15,032 

1,706 

2,057 

5,179 

6,090 

7,038 

725 

1,256 

2,190 

2,867 

47 

3 

4 

13 

27 

6,132 

707 

1,256 

2,065 

2,104 

9 

1 


1 

7 

572 

18 


125 

429 

3 




3 

334 




334 

7,994 

981 

801 

2,989 

3,223 

290 

25 

40 

116 

109 

7,994 

981 

801 

2,989 

3,223 

103 

41 

21 

21 

20 

1,447 

392 

551 

318 

186 

76,086 

10,835 

18,360 

29,734 

17,157 

1,534 

428 

465 

641 


43 




43 

62,893 




62,893 

1,752 

3 


93 

R656 


1 Includes enterprises in states as follows: Michigan, 4; Ohio, 2; Virginia, 2. 

1 Includes enterprises in states as follows: Arizona, 1; California, 1; Colorado, 2; Kansas, 3; Nevada, 3; New Mexico, 1; Oklahoma, 5; Oregon, 1; South Dakota, 2; Texas, 
3; Utah, 2; Wyoming, 4. 


o 



















































































































